Supporting Youth Affected by the Violence in Israel and Gaza: Tips for Families and Educators

International conflict has the potential to be upsetting and to cause concern for safety. Many people feel affected by the attack on Israel, the subsequent military response, and related loss of innocent lives. Some people may worry about family and friends in the Middle East or the possibility of Americans being at risk. News coverage may be triggering to individuals who have experienced violence here at home or war in other parts of the world. Still other marginalized groups may feel like the news coverage and narrative minimizes experiences of violence elsewhere that has not captured this level of world attention.

Caregivers and educators can help children and youth feel safe by helping them understand what is going on factually, how events do or do not affect their lives, and how to manage their emotional reactions.

Keep Explanations Developmentally Appropriate

Elementary

• Let children’s questions tell you what information they need. Don’t assume they are concerned about the same things you are.
• Avoid offering unnecessary frightening details.
• Provide brief, simple information with reassurance. One way to do this is with the use of a broadening technique for responding to questions (e.g., “It sounds like you have some concerns about what’s next. Let’s talk about how our school/community/country is striving to keep us safe.”).
• Clarify misconceptions or misinformation.

Upper Elementary and Early Middle School

• Answer questions and assist in separating reality from fantasy.
• Specify the protective actions of adults.

Upper Middle and High School

• Emphasize youth’s role in safety at home and at school and how to access support.
• Validate feelings and thoughts, and provide the facts needed to appraise the degree of personal threat. The NASP document “Responding to Civil Unrest in Schools” may be a helpful reference resource.
• Should youth request it, allow for conversations about political dimensions of the conflict.

Important Risk Factors to Consider

The degree to which individuals are affected will vary. Children and youth (and potentially their families) at greater risk may include those who have connections to Israel and Palestine, have loved ones significantly affected by the conflict, have personally experienced or are refugees from violent conflict or war, or who suffer from posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, or other mental illness. During conflicts like these, it is important to protect children and youth from bullying and harassment caused by misdirected anger. Promoting and modeling compassion and acceptance can help prevent a tragic situation from becoming worse.

Possible Emotional Responses

Emotional responses to unsettling circumstances vary in nature and severity from individual to individual. Nonetheless, there are some common reactions that individuals feel when their lives are affected by violence related to international conflict:

• Fear: Fear may be the predominant reaction. This can include fear for the safety for themselves, their families, friends, and the population at large.
• Loss of control: The current world events are something over which people have little control. Lack of control can be overwhelming and confusing. Youth may grasp at any control that they have, including refusing to cooperate, go to school, part with favorite toys, or leave their caregivers.
• Anger: Anger is a common reaction. Unfortunately, anger is often expressed at those to whom youth are closest. Youth may direct anger toward classmates, caregivers, and neighbors. Anger often masks other emotions so adults can help youth identify and manage their underlying feelings.
• Loss of stability: Youth can feel insecure when their usual schedules and activities are disrupted, increasing their level of stress and need for reassurance.
• Isolation: Youth may feel isolated, or as if they’re the only one having the feelings they do.
• Confusion: Youth may feel confused about the current conflict, what further dangers might arise, and when the violence will stop. Youth may have trouble understanding the difference between violence as entertainment or in video games and the real events taking place on the news. Some of the modern media violence is unnervingly real. Youth may have difficulty separating reality from fantasy, cartoon heroes and villains from the government soldiers. Separating the realities from media fantasy may require adult help.
• Hypervigilance: Some youth and families may feel desperate to get information about the status of family and other connections. This may cause preoccupation in thoughts, worry, and a desire to constantly scan news sources for any information about the events in the region. This may result in difficulties focusing, sleeping, and being emotionally available for school.

While this conflict may be geographically distant, it has relevance here at home, is ongoing, and is occurring in the context of other stressors. This can contribute to more serious chronic stress and potential associated health problems. Adults should attend to the layers of challenge experienced by youth in this situation. It is critical that schools provide services and supports to help youth establish positive social connections and resilience.

How Caregivers and Educators Can Help

Reaffirm Safety

• Point out reassuring safety features of your school. Highlight how schools can often be some of the safest places we can be. Identify specific individuals or groups responsible for school safety
• Share information about the international unified efforts under way to resolve the conflict.
• Closely monitor youth who may feel isolated (including those with family members or other loved ones in the military or those with connections to the conflict). As necessary, assist students to identify trust adults at school and in their community. Also, check on students who have experienced other, unrelated, acts of violence in their lives as they may more vulnerable when acts of world violence occur.
• Prevent stereotyping of cultures and countries. Children and youth can easily generalize negative statements being made by the media and echoed by caregiving adults. It is critical to prevent harassment of others and teach respect and empathy of those with no control over their government’s actions.

Make Time to Talk

• Provide opportunity for youth to discuss concerns and to help separate real from imagined fears.
• Be patient and look for clues that a child wants to talk, but never force conversation.
• Let the youth’s questions guide the conversation and information provided.
• Encourage social connectedness and a sense of belonging with supportive others. All families bring unique skills, strengths, and knowledge to our society. Adults should model building and emphasizing those strengths.
• Allow opportunities for youth to share their knowledge about their origins, customs, and culture.

Acknowledge and Normalize Feelings

• Never force but always allow youth to speak about feelings, and validate their reactions.
• Listen, empathize, and affirm that most initial reactions are common and expected (e.g., sadness, changes in concentration, distractibility, changes in sleep or appetite).
• Support and model the appropriate expression of feelings (e.g., naming feelings in self and others; listening to how others are feeling without judgment; sharing feelings using “I” messages when talking and journaling; being available and present).
• Understand that knowing what to say is often difficult. It is okay to simply acknowledge “This is really hard for you/us” or that you find it challenging, too. Try to recognize the feelings underlying youth’s actions and put them into words. Saying something like, “I can see you are feeling really scared about this,” or “It is hard to think that your [mom, dad, other loved one] had to go so far away to help.”
• Remember that it’s okay to say “I don’t know” when youth ask questions like “When will the conflict end?” Acknowledge how frustrating the uncertainty is by saying “It’s hard not to have all the answers.” Provide some reassurance by discussing actions taken by others to address safety.

Maintain a Normal Routine

• Encourage schoolwork and extracurricular activities, but do not push youth who seem overwhelmed.
• Encourage and find ways to support students in keeping a regular schedule, and foster healthy nutrition, sleep, and exercise to promote physical and mental health and well-being.

Limit Exposure to Media and Social Media

• Limit exposure to images or graphic reference to violence (e.g., on TV and social media).
• For youth who are concerned for family and loved ones in the middle of the conflict, manage and structure the amount of time they search for information.
• Consider watching the news with affected youth so you can discuss the situation factually, provide reassurance, and monitor their reactions.
• Find activities that can replace the time spent watching news or using social media (e.g., going for a walk, exercising, reading a book, talking to someone, coloring, studying, playing or listening to music).
• Take time to discuss healthy social media habits and how to know what information is accurate.

Monitor Emotional States

• Some youth will not express themselves verbally, but changes in their behavior, appetite, or sleep patterns may indicate anxiety or stress.
  • Some immature, inattentive, aggressive, or oppositional behaviors are normal reactions to the uncertainty of this situation.
  • Some youth may have difficulty at bedtime. Maintain a regular bedtime routine, but be flexible about nightlights, siblings sharing a room, sleeping with special toys, and sitting with the child as they fall asleep. Doing so typically does not cause lifelong habits.
• Children may play war, pretend to blow things up, or include images of violence in artwork and writing. This may be upsetting to adults under current circumstances. In some cases, this may be a way for youth to express their awareness of events around them. Talk with youth about their art or written images and how they feel. For those who seek pretend play as an outlet, encourage role-playing of the doctors, firemen, policemen, and others who have helped to save lives. In other cases, students may be on a pathway to acting out violently themselves. Decisions related to concerns raised through play or artwork are context dependent, and educators should follow guidance related to behavior threat assessment and management.
• When in doubt about a youth’s ability to cope, seek support from a community mental health or school-employed mental health professional.

Know the Signs of More Serious Trauma Reactions

Most youth will be able to cope with their concerns with the help of caring adults. However, some may be at risk of more extreme reactions because of personal circumstances. Adults should seek professional help if children exhibit significant changes in behavior or any of the following symptoms for more than 2 weeks.

• Preschoolers: thumb sucking, bedwetting, clinging to parents, sleep disturbances, loss of appetite, fear of the dark, regression in behavior, withdrawal from friends and routines.
• Elementary school children: irritability, aggressiveness, clinginess, nightmares, school avoidance, poor concentration, withdrawal from activities and friends.
• Adolescents: sleeping and eating disturbances, agitation, increase in conflicts, physical complaints, delinquent behavior, and poor concentration.

Some youth may be at increased risk of suicide because of their emotional reaction to increased stress and any preexisting mental health problems. Consult a mental health professional immediately if the youth talks about suicide or shows signs of suicidal thinking or other self-destructive behaviors. (See NASP resources for information about prevention of youth suicide.)

Teach Adaptive Coping Strategies

Teach and model strategies to help individuals calm themselves in times of stress. Some strategies for coping include the following:

• Mindfulness, deep breathing, and guided relaxation and meditation
• Journaling, coloring, and puzzles
• Listening to calming sounds and music
• Movement (e.g., walking, yoga, exercise routines)
• Spending time with others, talking to a friend or adult about what is happening or how they are feeling
• Helping students to identify who their trusted adults are in school and outside of school

Facilitate Youth Advocacy

Work alongside students to take actionable steps for social justice issues as appropriate to age and contexts.

• Youth level: Provide specific recommendations for individual students to take action.

• • Helping students be allies for peers who may be struggling, or working alongside a family affected by the conflict.
  • Assisting them to seek support or participating in programs or organizations that can help with immediate or longer-term needs.
• School/community level: This may include providing tools to the school as a whole to better support the student body and facilitating relationships between school and community.
  • Providing consultation to staff regarding how students may be affected and best practices.
  • Seeking out cultural partners within the community may be helpful for individual family referrals, but also partnering for events such as potential fundraisers, food or materials collection drives, and more.
  • Opportunities for fundraising for those affected by the conflict.
• Public Arena:
  • Following current events and assisting youth in ongoing initiatives (appropriate social media).
  • Engaging with local, state, or federal policy makers in town hall sessions for related topics (i.e., such as support for refugees).

Coordinate Between School and Home

• Educators should make sure to use communication strategies (such as newsletters, phone calls, website, social media, apps) that are already in place to share critical and helpful information with families.
• Caregivers can let school personnel know if a family member is affected by the conflict being called to active duty or sent overseas. Inform teachers if your child is having difficulties and what strategies make them feel better. If necessary, seek the help of your school psychologist, counselor, or social worker.
• Educators are encouraged to let caregivers know if their youth is exhibiting stress in school. Educators can provide caregivers with helpful suggestions and information related to community resources.
• Caregivers and educators are encouraged to maintain general academic and behavioral expectations but also be realistic about an individual child’s coping skills.
• Schools are encouraged to create a sense of collective security between home and school (e.g., concretely pointing out the adults in place that are helping keep us safe, identifying what strategies are in place to keep students safe, sharing resources and strategies for coping, modeling respect for one another, offering opportunities for students to share their thoughts and reactions with one another, providing support for families).

How Adults Can Address Their Own Needs

• Adults will be better able to help youth if they are coping well and taking time to address their own reactions. NASP has documents that address “Educator Exhaustion and Burnout” and “Supporting Mental Wellness.” In addition, the previously mentioned strategies for adaptive coping can also be used.
• Adults should attend to the facts about developments in the conflict so as to be prepared to answer youth’s questions. However, it is ok to say, “I do not know.”
• Adults should seek peer support, take care of their own physical and mental health, and avoid using drugs or alcohol to feel better. The NASP document “Care for the Caregivers: Tips for Families and Educators” is a useful resource.

NASP Resources

• Anxiety: Helping Handout for School and Home
• Addressing Grief: Tips for Caregivers and Educators
• BTAM Best Practice Considerations for K-12 Schools
• Care for the Caregivers: Tips for Families and Educators
• Educator Exhaustion and Burnout
• Prevention of Youth Suicide Resources
•  Promoting Compassion and Acceptance in Crisis
• Responding to Civil Unrest
• Social Media and School Crisis
• Supporting Mental Wellness: Tips for Caregivers
• Supporting Mental Wellness: Tips for Educators
• Supporting Vulnerable Students in Stressful Times: Tips for Parents
• Lesson Plan, Student Psychoeducational Groups in School Crisis Intervention: The PREPaRE Model

Resources for Supporting Children and Families Affected By War and Violence

Resources for War and Conflict Affected, Refugees, Immigrants, Veterans, Military Families

Mental Health, Trauma & Emotional Well-Being

Lutheran Community Services Northwest — Trauma-informed counseling for immigrants, refugees, and asylum seekers.

Provider Website: https://lcsnw.org/program/multicultural-counseling-services/

Virginia Garcia Memorial Health Center — Integrated primary and behavioral health care.

Provider Website: https://virginiagarcia.org

Asian Mental Health Collective — Mental health education and provider directories.

Provider Website: https://asianmhc.org

Institute for Muslim Mental Health — Faith-informed mental health resources.

Provider Website: https://www.muslimmentalhealth.com

Latinx Therapy — Therapist directory for Latinx communities.

Provider Website: https://latinxtherapy.com

South Asian Therapists — Counselor directory for South Asian communities.

Provider Website: https://southasiantherapists.org

Inclusive Therapists — Culturally responsive therapist directory.

Provider Website: https://www.inclusivetherapists.com

InReach — Mental health resources for LGBTQ+ immigrants and refugees.

Provider Website: https://www.inreach.org

SAMHSA FindTreatment.gov — National behavioral health and recovery locator.

Provider Website: https://findtreatment.samhsa.gov

Coping Tools, Mindfulness & Self-Help

USAHello — Plain-language mental health education for immigrants and refugees.

Provider Website: https://usahello.org/mental-health

International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies — War & Disaster Resources.

Provider Website: https://istss.org/public-resources/war-and-disaster-resources/

SAMHSA How to Cope Guides — Disaster-related stress and trauma coping tools.

Provider Website: https://www.samhsa.gov/find-help/how-to-cope

Refugees, Immigrants & Displaced People

Immigrant and Refugee Community Organization (IRCO) — Culturally specific statewide services.

Provider Website: https://irco.org

Office of Immigrant and Refugee Advancement (OIRA) — State coordination of immigrant and refugee supports.

Provider Website: https://www.oregon.gov/odhs/Pages/refugees.aspx

Oregon for All — Statewide immigrant resource directory.

Provider Website: https://www.doj.state.or.us/oregon-for-all/

Coalition for Immigrant Health — National immigrant mental health directories.

Provider Website: https://www.cihjustice.org

United We Dream — Community care and advocacy resources.

Provider Website: https://unitedwedream.org

USCRI Wellness Helpline — Emotional support for new refugees and immigrants.

Provider Website: https://www.refugees.org/uscri-wellness-helpline/

Children, Teens & Families

The Dougy Center — Grief support for children and families.

Provider Website: https://www.dougy.org

Lutheran Community Services Northwest — Youth and family programs.

Provider Website: https://lcsnw.org

Peer Support Groups & Community Support (Virtual)

Immigrants Rising — Peer-led wellness support groups.

Provider Website: https://immigrantsrising.org/mental-health/

United We Dream — Community Care Circles.

Provider Website: https://unitedwedream.org/resources/

NAMI — Connection Support Groups.

Provider Website: https://www.nami.org/Support-Education/Support-Groups

DBSA — Online peer support groups.

Provider Website: https://www.dbsalliance.org/support/chapters-and-support-groups/online-support-groups/

Team Red White & Blue — Veteran peer connection.

Provider Website: https://www.teamrwb.org

7 Cups — 24/7 anonymous peer chat.

Provider Website: https://www.7cups.com

Supportiv — Moderated drop-in peer chats.

Provider Website: https://www.supportiv.com

NAMI Online Communities — Asynchronous peer support.

Provider Website: https://www.nami.org/Your-Journey/Individuals-with-Mental-Illness/Find-Support

Inspire — Online trauma and mental health communities.

Provider Website: https://www.inspire.com

The Mighty — Peer storytelling and mental health community.

Provider Website: https://themighty.com

Immediate Help — Immigrants of All Status, Refugees & Conflict-Affected Families

988 Suicide & Crisis Lifeline — 24/7 emotional support.

Provider Website: https://988lifeline.org

Disaster Distress Helpline — Crisis support after disaster or displacement.

Provider Website: https://www.samhsa.gov/find-help/disaster-distress-helpline

Oregon 211 — Statewide referrals.

Provider Website: https://www.211info.org

findhello — Local services search.

Provider Website: https://www.findhelp.com

Immediate Help — Veterans & Military-Connected Families

Veterans Crisis Line — 24/7 veteran crisis support.

Provider Website: https://www.veteranscrisisline.net

Military OneSource — Counseling and referrals.

Provider Website: https://www.militaryonesource.mil

Lines for Life — Oregon crisis support.

Provider Website: https://www.linesforlife.org

TRAUMA RESOURCES FOR TIMES OF WAR

“Every child deserves to grow up healthy, safe and loved. Putting babies in the crosshairs of terror and war is never acceptable.” — Matthew Melmed, Executive Director

ZERO TO THREE released a statement in response to the Israel-Hamas conflict that reflects our concern about the violence and trauma that babies, toddlers and families are experiencing. You can read the full statement here.

Our hearts are with the babies, children and families who have been subjected to unthinkable violence in Israel and Gaza. At ZERO TO THREE, we see this as a moment to recommit ourselves to ensuring that every child grows up healthy, safe and loved. The need to protect babies has never been more acute.

During these challenging times, we have free resources for parents and caregivers, and professionals who support them, that offer guidance on helping young children grieve and process traumatic experiences, enabling them to provide the best care for babies and themselves in times of war and turmoil, including:

A Big Impact on Little Kids: Understanding How Traumatic Experiences Affect Very Young Children

How to Talk to Young Children About War (available in Arabic and Hebrew)

Little Listeners in an Uncertain World

Helping Toddlers Cope with Grief and Death

Mindfulness and Self Care: Building a Resilient Community and Culture of Caring

Children’s Book: Once I Was Very Very Scared by Chandra Gosh Ippen. Available in the following languages:

American Sign Language

Arabic

German

Norwegian

Spanish

Swedish

Turkish

Vietnamese

We are working to translate these resources listed into additional languages and will make them available on zerotothree.org.

Supporting Youth Affected by the Violence in Israel and Gaza: Tips for Families and Educators

International conflict has the potential to be upsetting and to cause concern for safety. Many people feel affected by the attack on Israel, the subsequent military response, and related loss of innocent lives. Some people may worry about family and friends in the Middle East or the possibility of Americans being at risk. News coverage may be triggering to individuals who have experienced violence here at home or war in other parts of the world. Still other marginalized groups may feel like the news coverage and narrative minimizes experiences of violence elsewhere that has not captured this level of world attention.

Caregivers and educators can help children and youth feel safe by helping them understand what is going on factually, how events do or do not affect their lives, and how to manage their emotional reactions.

Keep Explanations Developmentally Appropriate

Elementary

• Let children’s questions tell you what information they need. Don’t assume they are concerned about the same things you are.
• Avoid offering unnecessary frightening details.
• Provide brief, simple information with reassurance. One way to do this is with the use of a broadening technique for responding to questions (e.g., “It sounds like you have some concerns about what’s next. Let’s talk about how our school/community/country is striving to keep us safe.”).
• Clarify misconceptions or misinformation.

Upper Elementary and Early Middle School

• Answer questions and assist in separating reality from fantasy.
• Specify the protective actions of adults.

Upper Middle and High School

• Emphasize youth’s role in safety at home and at school and how to access support.
• Validate feelings and thoughts, and provide the facts needed to appraise the degree of personal threat. The NASP document “Responding to Civil Unrest in Schools” may be a helpful reference resource.
• Should youth request it, allow for conversations about political dimensions of the conflict.

Important Risk Factors to Consider

The degree to which individuals are affected will vary. Children and youth (and potentially their families) at greater risk may include those who have connections to Israel and Palestine, have loved ones significantly affected by the conflict, have personally experienced or are refugees from violent conflict or war, or who suffer from posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, or other mental illness. During conflicts like these, it is important to protect children and youth from bullying and harassment caused by misdirected anger. Promoting and modeling compassion and acceptance can help prevent a tragic situation from becoming worse.

Possible Emotional Responses

Emotional responses to unsettling circumstances vary in nature and severity from individual to individual. Nonetheless, there are some common reactions that individuals feel when their lives are affected by violence related to international conflict:

• Fear: Fear may be the predominant reaction. This can include fear for the safety for themselves, their families, friends, and the population at large.
• Loss of control: The current world events are something over which people have little control. Lack of control can be overwhelming and confusing. Youth may grasp at any control that they have, including refusing to cooperate, go to school, part with favorite toys, or leave their caregivers.
• Anger: Anger is a common reaction. Unfortunately, anger is often expressed at those to whom youth are closest. Youth may direct anger toward classmates, caregivers, and neighbors. Anger often masks other emotions so adults can help youth identify and manage their underlying feelings.
• Loss of stability: Youth can feel insecure when their usual schedules and activities are disrupted, increasing their level of stress and need for reassurance.
• Isolation: Youth may feel isolated, or as if they’re the only one having the feelings they do.
• Confusion: Youth may feel confused about the current conflict, what further dangers might arise, and when the violence will stop. Youth may have trouble understanding the difference between violence as entertainment or in video games and the real events taking place on the news. Some of the modern media violence is unnervingly real. Youth may have difficulty separating reality from fantasy, cartoon heroes and villains from the government soldiers. Separating the realities from media fantasy may require adult help.
• Hypervigilance: Some youth and families may feel desperate to get information about the status of family and other connections. This may cause preoccupation in thoughts, worry, and a desire to constantly scan news sources for any information about the events in the region. This may result in difficulties focusing, sleeping, and being emotionally available for school.

While this conflict may be geographically distant, it has relevance here at home, is ongoing, and is occurring in the context of other stressors. This can contribute to more serious chronic stress and potential associated health problems. Adults should attend to the layers of challenge experienced by youth in this situation. It is critical that schools provide services and supports to help youth establish positive social connections and resilience.

How Caregivers and Educators Can Help

Reaffirm Safety

• Point out reassuring safety features of your school. Highlight how schools can often be some of the safest places we can be. Identify specific individuals or groups responsible for school safety
• Share information about the international unified efforts under way to resolve the conflict.
• Closely monitor youth who may feel isolated (including those with family members or other loved ones in the military or those with connections to the conflict). As necessary, assist students to identify trust adults at school and in their community. Also, check on students who have experienced other, unrelated, acts of violence in their lives as they may more vulnerable when acts of world violence occur.
• Prevent stereotyping of cultures and countries. Children and youth can easily generalize negative statements being made by the media and echoed by caregiving adults. It is critical to prevent harassment of others and teach respect and empathy of those with no control over their government’s actions.

Make Time to Talk

• Provide opportunity for youth to discuss concerns and to help separate real from imagined fears.
• Be patient and look for clues that a child wants to talk, but never force conversation.
• Let the youth’s questions guide the conversation and information provided.
• Encourage social connectedness and a sense of belonging with supportive others. All families bring unique skills, strengths, and knowledge to our society. Adults should model building and emphasizing those strengths.
• Allow opportunities for youth to share their knowledge about their origins, customs, and culture.

Acknowledge and Normalize Feelings

• Never force but always allow youth to speak about feelings, and validate their reactions.
• Listen, empathize, and affirm that most initial reactions are common and expected (e.g., sadness, changes in concentration, distractibility, changes in sleep or appetite).
• Support and model the appropriate expression of feelings (e.g., naming feelings in self and others; listening to how others are feeling without judgment; sharing feelings using “I” messages when talking and journaling; being available and present).
• Understand that knowing what to say is often difficult. It is okay to simply acknowledge “This is really hard for you/us” or that you find it challenging, too. Try to recognize the feelings underlying youth’s actions and put them into words. Saying something like, “I can see you are feeling really scared about this,” or “It is hard to think that your [mom, dad, other loved one] had to go so far away to help.”
• Remember that it’s okay to say “I don’t know” when youth ask questions like “When will the conflict end?” Acknowledge how frustrating the uncertainty is by saying “It’s hard not to have all the answers.” Provide some reassurance by discussing actions taken by others to address safety.

Maintain a Normal Routine

• Encourage schoolwork and extracurricular activities, but do not push youth who seem overwhelmed.
• Encourage and find ways to support students in keeping a regular schedule, and foster healthy nutrition, sleep, and exercise to promote physical and mental health and well-being.

Limit Exposure to Media and Social Media

• Limit exposure to images or graphic reference to violence (e.g., on TV and social media).
• For youth who are concerned for family and loved ones in the middle of the conflict, manage and structure the amount of time they search for information.
• Consider watching the news with affected youth so you can discuss the situation factually, provide reassurance, and monitor their reactions.
• Find activities that can replace the time spent watching news or using social media (e.g., going for a walk, exercising, reading a book, talking to someone, coloring, studying, playing or listening to music).
• Take time to discuss healthy social media habits and how to know what information is accurate.

Monitor Emotional States

• Some youth will not express themselves verbally, but changes in their behavior, appetite, or sleep patterns may indicate anxiety or stress.
  • Some immature, inattentive, aggressive, or oppositional behaviors are normal reactions to the uncertainty of this situation.
  • Some youth may have difficulty at bedtime. Maintain a regular bedtime routine, but be flexible about nightlights, siblings sharing a room, sleeping with special toys, and sitting with the child as they fall asleep. Doing so typically does not cause lifelong habits.
• Children may play war, pretend to blow things up, or include images of violence in artwork and writing. This may be upsetting to adults under current circumstances. In some cases, this may be a way for youth to express their awareness of events around them. Talk with youth about their art or written images and how they feel. For those who seek pretend play as an outlet, encourage role-playing of the doctors, firemen, policemen, and others who have helped to save lives. In other cases, students may be on a pathway to acting out violently themselves. Decisions related to concerns raised through play or artwork are context dependent, and educators should follow guidance related to behavior threat assessment and management.
• When in doubt about a youth’s ability to cope, seek support from a community mental health or school-employed mental health professional.

Know the Signs of More Serious Trauma Reactions

Most youth will be able to cope with their concerns with the help of caring adults. However, some may be at risk of more extreme reactions because of personal circumstances. Adults should seek professional help if children exhibit significant changes in behavior or any of the following symptoms for more than 2 weeks.

• Preschoolers: thumb sucking, bedwetting, clinging to parents, sleep disturbances, loss of appetite, fear of the dark, regression in behavior, withdrawal from friends and routines.
• Elementary school children: irritability, aggressiveness, clinginess, nightmares, school avoidance, poor concentration, withdrawal from activities and friends.
• Adolescents: sleeping and eating disturbances, agitation, increase in conflicts, physical complaints, delinquent behavior, and poor concentration.

Some youth may be at increased risk of suicide because of their emotional reaction to increased stress and any preexisting mental health problems. Consult a mental health professional immediately if the youth talks about suicide or shows signs of suicidal thinking or other self-destructive behaviors. (See NASP resources for information about prevention of youth suicide.)

Teach Adaptive Coping Strategies

Teach and model strategies to help individuals calm themselves in times of stress. Some strategies for coping include the following:

• Mindfulness, deep breathing, and guided relaxation and meditation
• Journaling, coloring, and puzzles
• Listening to calming sounds and music
• Movement (e.g., walking, yoga, exercise routines)
• Spending time with others, talking to a friend or adult about what is happening or how they are feeling
• Helping students to identify who their trusted adults are in school and outside of school

Facilitate Youth Advocacy

Work alongside students to take actionable steps for social justice issues as appropriate to age and contexts.

• Youth level: Provide specific recommendations for individual students to take action.

• • Helping students be allies for peers who may be struggling, or working alongside a family affected by the conflict.
  • Assisting them to seek support or participating in programs or organizations that can help with immediate or longer-term needs.
• School/community level: This may include providing tools to the school as a whole to better support the student body and facilitating relationships between school and community.
  • Providing consultation to staff regarding how students may be affected and best practices.
  • Seeking out cultural partners within the community may be helpful for individual family referrals, but also partnering for events such as potential fundraisers, food or materials collection drives, and more.
  • Opportunities for fundraising for those affected by the conflict.
• Public Arena:
  • Following current events and assisting youth in ongoing initiatives (appropriate social media).
  • Engaging with local, state, or federal policy makers in town hall sessions for related topics (i.e., such as support for refugees).

Coordinate Between School and Home

• Educators should make sure to use communication strategies (such as newsletters, phone calls, website, social media, apps) that are already in place to share critical and helpful information with families.
• Caregivers can let school personnel know if a family member is affected by the conflict being called to active duty or sent overseas. Inform teachers if your child is having difficulties and what strategies make them feel better. If necessary, seek the help of your school psychologist, counselor, or social worker.
• Educators are encouraged to let caregivers know if their youth is exhibiting stress in school. Educators can provide caregivers with helpful suggestions and information related to community resources.
• Caregivers and educators are encouraged to maintain general academic and behavioral expectations but also be realistic about an individual child’s coping skills.
• Schools are encouraged to create a sense of collective security between home and school (e.g., concretely pointing out the adults in place that are helping keep us safe, identifying what strategies are in place to keep students safe, sharing resources and strategies for coping, modeling respect for one another, offering opportunities for students to share their thoughts and reactions with one another, providing support for families).

How Adults Can Address Their Own Needs

• Adults will be better able to help youth if they are coping well and taking time to address their own reactions. NASP has documents that address “Educator Exhaustion and Burnout” and “Supporting Mental Wellness.” In addition, the previously mentioned strategies for adaptive coping can also be used.
• Adults should attend to the facts about developments in the conflict so as to be prepared to answer youth’s questions. However, it is ok to say, “I do not know.”
• Adults should seek peer support, take care of their own physical and mental health, and avoid using drugs or alcohol to feel better. The NASP document “Care for the Caregivers: Tips for Families and Educators” is a useful resource.

NASP Resources

• Anxiety: Helping Handout for School and Home
• Addressing Grief: Tips for Caregivers and Educators
• BTAM Best Practice Considerations for K-12 Schools
• Care for the Caregivers: Tips for Families and Educators
• Educator Exhaustion and Burnout
• Prevention of Youth Suicide Resources
•  Promoting Compassion and Acceptance in Crisis
• Responding to Civil Unrest
• Social Media and School Crisis
• Supporting Mental Wellness: Tips for Caregivers
• Supporting Mental Wellness: Tips for Educators
• Supporting Vulnerable Students in Stressful Times: Tips for Parents
• Lesson Plan, Student Psychoeducational Groups in School Crisis Intervention: The PREPaRE Model

Resources for Supporting Children and Families Affected By War and Violence

Resources for War and Conflict Affected, Refugees, Immigrants, Veterans, Military Families

Mental Health, Trauma & Emotional Well-Being

Lutheran Community Services Northwest — Trauma-informed counseling for immigrants, refugees, and asylum seekers.

Provider Website: https://lcsnw.org/program/multicultural-counseling-services/

Virginia Garcia Memorial Health Center — Integrated primary and behavioral health care.

Provider Website: https://virginiagarcia.org

Asian Mental Health Collective — Mental health education and provider directories.

Provider Website: https://asianmhc.org

Institute for Muslim Mental Health — Faith-informed mental health resources.

Provider Website: https://www.muslimmentalhealth.com

Latinx Therapy — Therapist directory for Latinx communities.

Provider Website: https://latinxtherapy.com

South Asian Therapists — Counselor directory for South Asian communities.

Provider Website: https://southasiantherapists.org

Inclusive Therapists — Culturally responsive therapist directory.

Provider Website: https://www.inclusivetherapists.com

InReach — Mental health resources for LGBTQ+ immigrants and refugees.

Provider Website: https://www.inreach.org

SAMHSA FindTreatment.gov — National behavioral health and recovery locator.

Provider Website: https://findtreatment.samhsa.gov

Coping Tools, Mindfulness & Self-Help

USAHello — Plain-language mental health education for immigrants and refugees.

Provider Website: https://usahello.org/mental-health

International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies — War & Disaster Resources.

Provider Website: https://istss.org/public-resources/war-and-disaster-resources/

SAMHSA How to Cope Guides — Disaster-related stress and trauma coping tools.

Provider Website: https://www.samhsa.gov/find-help/how-to-cope

Refugees, Immigrants & Displaced People

Immigrant and Refugee Community Organization (IRCO) — Culturally specific statewide services.

Provider Website: https://irco.org

Office of Immigrant and Refugee Advancement (OIRA) — State coordination of immigrant and refugee supports.

Provider Website: https://www.oregon.gov/odhs/Pages/refugees.aspx

Oregon for All — Statewide immigrant resource directory.

Provider Website: https://www.doj.state.or.us/oregon-for-all/

Coalition for Immigrant Health — National immigrant mental health directories.

Provider Website: https://www.cihjustice.org

United We Dream — Community care and advocacy resources.

Provider Website: https://unitedwedream.org

USCRI Wellness Helpline — Emotional support for new refugees and immigrants.

Provider Website: https://www.refugees.org/uscri-wellness-helpline/

Children, Teens & Families

The Dougy Center — Grief support for children and families.

Provider Website: https://www.dougy.org

Lutheran Community Services Northwest — Youth and family programs.

Provider Website: https://lcsnw.org

Peer Support Groups & Community Support (Virtual)

Immigrants Rising — Peer-led wellness support groups.

Provider Website: https://immigrantsrising.org/mental-health/

United We Dream — Community Care Circles.

Provider Website: https://unitedwedream.org/resources/

NAMI — Connection Support Groups.

Provider Website: https://www.nami.org/Support-Education/Support-Groups

DBSA — Online peer support groups.

Provider Website: https://www.dbsalliance.org/support/chapters-and-support-groups/online-support-groups/

Team Red White & Blue — Veteran peer connection.

Provider Website: https://www.teamrwb.org

7 Cups — 24/7 anonymous peer chat.

Provider Website: https://www.7cups.com

Supportiv — Moderated drop-in peer chats.

Provider Website: https://www.supportiv.com

NAMI Online Communities — Asynchronous peer support.

Provider Website: https://www.nami.org/Your-Journey/Individuals-with-Mental-Illness/Find-Support

Inspire — Online trauma and mental health communities.

Provider Website: https://www.inspire.com

The Mighty — Peer storytelling and mental health community.

Provider Website: https://themighty.com

Immediate Help — Immigrants of All Status, Refugees & Conflict-Affected Families

988 Suicide & Crisis Lifeline — 24/7 emotional support.

Provider Website: https://988lifeline.org

Disaster Distress Helpline — Crisis support after disaster or displacement.

Provider Website: https://www.samhsa.gov/find-help/disaster-distress-helpline

Oregon 211 — Statewide referrals.

Provider Website: https://www.211info.org

findhello — Local services search.

Provider Website: https://www.findhelp.com

Immediate Help — Veterans & Military-Connected Families

Veterans Crisis Line — 24/7 veteran crisis support.

Provider Website: https://www.veteranscrisisline.net

Military OneSource — Counseling and referrals.

Provider Website: https://www.militaryonesource.mil

Lines for Life — Oregon crisis support.

Provider Website: https://www.linesforlife.org

TRAUMA RESOURCES FOR TIMES OF WAR

“Every child deserves to grow up healthy, safe and loved. Putting babies in the crosshairs of terror and war is never acceptable.” — Matthew Melmed, Executive Director

ZERO TO THREE released a statement in response to the Israel-Hamas conflict that reflects our concern about the violence and trauma that babies, toddlers and families are experiencing. You can read the full statement here.

Our hearts are with the babies, children and families who have been subjected to unthinkable violence in Israel and Gaza. At ZERO TO THREE, we see this as a moment to recommit ourselves to ensuring that every child grows up healthy, safe and loved. The need to protect babies has never been more acute.

During these challenging times, we have free resources for parents and caregivers, and professionals who support them, that offer guidance on helping young children grieve and process traumatic experiences, enabling them to provide the best care for babies and themselves in times of war and turmoil, including:

A Big Impact on Little Kids: Understanding How Traumatic Experiences Affect Very Young Children

How to Talk to Young Children About War (available in Arabic and Hebrew)

Little Listeners in an Uncertain World

Helping Toddlers Cope with Grief and Death

Mindfulness and Self Care: Building a Resilient Community and Culture of Caring

Children’s Book: Once I Was Very Very Scared by Chandra Gosh Ippen. Available in the following languages:

American Sign Language

Arabic

German

Norwegian

Spanish

Swedish

Turkish

Vietnamese

We are working to translate these resources listed into additional languages and will make them available on zerotothree.org.

Supporting Youth Affected by the Violence in Israel and Gaza: Tips for Families and Educators

International conflict has the potential to be upsetting and to cause concern for safety. Many people feel affected by the attack on Israel, the subsequent military response, and related loss of innocent lives. Some people may worry about family and friends in the Middle East or the possibility of Americans being at risk. News coverage may be triggering to individuals who have experienced violence here at home or war in other parts of the world. Still other marginalized groups may feel like the news coverage and narrative minimizes experiences of violence elsewhere that has not captured this level of world attention.

Caregivers and educators can help children and youth feel safe by helping them understand what is going on factually, how events do or do not affect their lives, and how to manage their emotional reactions.

Keep Explanations Developmentally Appropriate

Elementary

• Let children’s questions tell you what information they need. Don’t assume they are concerned about the same things you are.
• Avoid offering unnecessary frightening details.
• Provide brief, simple information with reassurance. One way to do this is with the use of a broadening technique for responding to questions (e.g., “It sounds like you have some concerns about what’s next. Let’s talk about how our school/community/country is striving to keep us safe.”).
• Clarify misconceptions or misinformation.

Upper Elementary and Early Middle School

• Answer questions and assist in separating reality from fantasy.
• Specify the protective actions of adults.

Upper Middle and High School

• Emphasize youth’s role in safety at home and at school and how to access support.
• Validate feelings and thoughts, and provide the facts needed to appraise the degree of personal threat. The NASP document “Responding to Civil Unrest in Schools” may be a helpful reference resource.
• Should youth request it, allow for conversations about political dimensions of the conflict.

Important Risk Factors to Consider

The degree to which individuals are affected will vary. Children and youth (and potentially their families) at greater risk may include those who have connections to Israel and Palestine, have loved ones significantly affected by the conflict, have personally experienced or are refugees from violent conflict or war, or who suffer from posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, or other mental illness. During conflicts like these, it is important to protect children and youth from bullying and harassment caused by misdirected anger. Promoting and modeling compassion and acceptance can help prevent a tragic situation from becoming worse.

Possible Emotional Responses

Emotional responses to unsettling circumstances vary in nature and severity from individual to individual. Nonetheless, there are some common reactions that individuals feel when their lives are affected by violence related to international conflict:

• Fear: Fear may be the predominant reaction. This can include fear for the safety for themselves, their families, friends, and the population at large.
• Loss of control: The current world events are something over which people have little control. Lack of control can be overwhelming and confusing. Youth may grasp at any control that they have, including refusing to cooperate, go to school, part with favorite toys, or leave their caregivers.
• Anger: Anger is a common reaction. Unfortunately, anger is often expressed at those to whom youth are closest. Youth may direct anger toward classmates, caregivers, and neighbors. Anger often masks other emotions so adults can help youth identify and manage their underlying feelings.
• Loss of stability: Youth can feel insecure when their usual schedules and activities are disrupted, increasing their level of stress and need for reassurance.
• Isolation: Youth may feel isolated, or as if they’re the only one having the feelings they do.
• Confusion: Youth may feel confused about the current conflict, what further dangers might arise, and when the violence will stop. Youth may have trouble understanding the difference between violence as entertainment or in video games and the real events taking place on the news. Some of the modern media violence is unnervingly real. Youth may have difficulty separating reality from fantasy, cartoon heroes and villains from the government soldiers. Separating the realities from media fantasy may require adult help.
• Hypervigilance: Some youth and families may feel desperate to get information about the status of family and other connections. This may cause preoccupation in thoughts, worry, and a desire to constantly scan news sources for any information about the events in the region. This may result in difficulties focusing, sleeping, and being emotionally available for school.

While this conflict may be geographically distant, it has relevance here at home, is ongoing, and is occurring in the context of other stressors. This can contribute to more serious chronic stress and potential associated health problems. Adults should attend to the layers of challenge experienced by youth in this situation. It is critical that schools provide services and supports to help youth establish positive social connections and resilience.

How Caregivers and Educators Can Help

Reaffirm Safety

• Point out reassuring safety features of your school. Highlight how schools can often be some of the safest places we can be. Identify specific individuals or groups responsible for school safety
• Share information about the international unified efforts under way to resolve the conflict.
• Closely monitor youth who may feel isolated (including those with family members or other loved ones in the military or those with connections to the conflict). As necessary, assist students to identify trust adults at school and in their community. Also, check on students who have experienced other, unrelated, acts of violence in their lives as they may more vulnerable when acts of world violence occur.
• Prevent stereotyping of cultures and countries. Children and youth can easily generalize negative statements being made by the media and echoed by caregiving adults. It is critical to prevent harassment of others and teach respect and empathy of those with no control over their government’s actions.

Make Time to Talk

• Provide opportunity for youth to discuss concerns and to help separate real from imagined fears.
• Be patient and look for clues that a child wants to talk, but never force conversation.
• Let the youth’s questions guide the conversation and information provided.
• Encourage social connectedness and a sense of belonging with supportive others. All families bring unique skills, strengths, and knowledge to our society. Adults should model building and emphasizing those strengths.
• Allow opportunities for youth to share their knowledge about their origins, customs, and culture.

Acknowledge and Normalize Feelings

• Never force but always allow youth to speak about feelings, and validate their reactions.
• Listen, empathize, and affirm that most initial reactions are common and expected (e.g., sadness, changes in concentration, distractibility, changes in sleep or appetite).
• Support and model the appropriate expression of feelings (e.g., naming feelings in self and others; listening to how others are feeling without judgment; sharing feelings using “I” messages when talking and journaling; being available and present).
• Understand that knowing what to say is often difficult. It is okay to simply acknowledge “This is really hard for you/us” or that you find it challenging, too. Try to recognize the feelings underlying youth’s actions and put them into words. Saying something like, “I can see you are feeling really scared about this,” or “It is hard to think that your [mom, dad, other loved one] had to go so far away to help.”
• Remember that it’s okay to say “I don’t know” when youth ask questions like “When will the conflict end?” Acknowledge how frustrating the uncertainty is by saying “It’s hard not to have all the answers.” Provide some reassurance by discussing actions taken by others to address safety.

Maintain a Normal Routine

• Encourage schoolwork and extracurricular activities, but do not push youth who seem overwhelmed.
• Encourage and find ways to support students in keeping a regular schedule, and foster healthy nutrition, sleep, and exercise to promote physical and mental health and well-being.

Limit Exposure to Media and Social Media

• Limit exposure to images or graphic reference to violence (e.g., on TV and social media).
• For youth who are concerned for family and loved ones in the middle of the conflict, manage and structure the amount of time they search for information.
• Consider watching the news with affected youth so you can discuss the situation factually, provide reassurance, and monitor their reactions.
• Find activities that can replace the time spent watching news or using social media (e.g., going for a walk, exercising, reading a book, talking to someone, coloring, studying, playing or listening to music).
• Take time to discuss healthy social media habits and how to know what information is accurate.

Monitor Emotional States

• Some youth will not express themselves verbally, but changes in their behavior, appetite, or sleep patterns may indicate anxiety or stress.
  • Some immature, inattentive, aggressive, or oppositional behaviors are normal reactions to the uncertainty of this situation.
  • Some youth may have difficulty at bedtime. Maintain a regular bedtime routine, but be flexible about nightlights, siblings sharing a room, sleeping with special toys, and sitting with the child as they fall asleep. Doing so typically does not cause lifelong habits.
• Children may play war, pretend to blow things up, or include images of violence in artwork and writing. This may be upsetting to adults under current circumstances. In some cases, this may be a way for youth to express their awareness of events around them. Talk with youth about their art or written images and how they feel. For those who seek pretend play as an outlet, encourage role-playing of the doctors, firemen, policemen, and others who have helped to save lives. In other cases, students may be on a pathway to acting out violently themselves. Decisions related to concerns raised through play or artwork are context dependent, and educators should follow guidance related to behavior threat assessment and management.
• When in doubt about a youth’s ability to cope, seek support from a community mental health or school-employed mental health professional.

Know the Signs of More Serious Trauma Reactions

Most youth will be able to cope with their concerns with the help of caring adults. However, some may be at risk of more extreme reactions because of personal circumstances. Adults should seek professional help if children exhibit significant changes in behavior or any of the following symptoms for more than 2 weeks.

• Preschoolers: thumb sucking, bedwetting, clinging to parents, sleep disturbances, loss of appetite, fear of the dark, regression in behavior, withdrawal from friends and routines.
• Elementary school children: irritability, aggressiveness, clinginess, nightmares, school avoidance, poor concentration, withdrawal from activities and friends.
• Adolescents: sleeping and eating disturbances, agitation, increase in conflicts, physical complaints, delinquent behavior, and poor concentration.

Some youth may be at increased risk of suicide because of their emotional reaction to increased stress and any preexisting mental health problems. Consult a mental health professional immediately if the youth talks about suicide or shows signs of suicidal thinking or other self-destructive behaviors. (See NASP resources for information about prevention of youth suicide.)

Teach Adaptive Coping Strategies

Teach and model strategies to help individuals calm themselves in times of stress. Some strategies for coping include the following:

• Mindfulness, deep breathing, and guided relaxation and meditation
• Journaling, coloring, and puzzles
• Listening to calming sounds and music
• Movement (e.g., walking, yoga, exercise routines)
• Spending time with others, talking to a friend or adult about what is happening or how they are feeling
• Helping students to identify who their trusted adults are in school and outside of school

Facilitate Youth Advocacy

Work alongside students to take actionable steps for social justice issues as appropriate to age and contexts.

• Youth level: Provide specific recommendations for individual students to take action.

• • Helping students be allies for peers who may be struggling, or working alongside a family affected by the conflict.
  • Assisting them to seek support or participating in programs or organizations that can help with immediate or longer-term needs.
• School/community level: This may include providing tools to the school as a whole to better support the student body and facilitating relationships between school and community.
  • Providing consultation to staff regarding how students may be affected and best practices.
  • Seeking out cultural partners within the community may be helpful for individual family referrals, but also partnering for events such as potential fundraisers, food or materials collection drives, and more.
  • Opportunities for fundraising for those affected by the conflict.
• Public Arena:
  • Following current events and assisting youth in ongoing initiatives (appropriate social media).
  • Engaging with local, state, or federal policy makers in town hall sessions for related topics (i.e., such as support for refugees).

Coordinate Between School and Home

• Educators should make sure to use communication strategies (such as newsletters, phone calls, website, social media, apps) that are already in place to share critical and helpful information with families.
• Caregivers can let school personnel know if a family member is affected by the conflict being called to active duty or sent overseas. Inform teachers if your child is having difficulties and what strategies make them feel better. If necessary, seek the help of your school psychologist, counselor, or social worker.
• Educators are encouraged to let caregivers know if their youth is exhibiting stress in school. Educators can provide caregivers with helpful suggestions and information related to community resources.
• Caregivers and educators are encouraged to maintain general academic and behavioral expectations but also be realistic about an individual child’s coping skills.
• Schools are encouraged to create a sense of collective security between home and school (e.g., concretely pointing out the adults in place that are helping keep us safe, identifying what strategies are in place to keep students safe, sharing resources and strategies for coping, modeling respect for one another, offering opportunities for students to share their thoughts and reactions with one another, providing support for families).

How Adults Can Address Their Own Needs

• Adults will be better able to help youth if they are coping well and taking time to address their own reactions. NASP has documents that address “Educator Exhaustion and Burnout” and “Supporting Mental Wellness.” In addition, the previously mentioned strategies for adaptive coping can also be used.
• Adults should attend to the facts about developments in the conflict so as to be prepared to answer youth’s questions. However, it is ok to say, “I do not know.”
• Adults should seek peer support, take care of their own physical and mental health, and avoid using drugs or alcohol to feel better. The NASP document “Care for the Caregivers: Tips for Families and Educators” is a useful resource.

NASP Resources

• Anxiety: Helping Handout for School and Home
• Addressing Grief: Tips for Caregivers and Educators
• BTAM Best Practice Considerations for K-12 Schools
• Care for the Caregivers: Tips for Families and Educators
• Educator Exhaustion and Burnout
• Prevention of Youth Suicide Resources
•  Promoting Compassion and Acceptance in Crisis
• Responding to Civil Unrest
• Social Media and School Crisis
• Supporting Mental Wellness: Tips for Caregivers
• Supporting Mental Wellness: Tips for Educators
• Supporting Vulnerable Students in Stressful Times: Tips for Parents
• Lesson Plan, Student Psychoeducational Groups in School Crisis Intervention: The PREPaRE Model

Resources for Supporting Children and Families Affected By War and Violence

Resources for War and Conflict Affected, Refugees, Immigrants, Veterans, Military Families

Mental Health, Trauma & Emotional Well-Being

Lutheran Community Services Northwest — Trauma-informed counseling for immigrants, refugees, and asylum seekers.

Provider Website: https://lcsnw.org/program/multicultural-counseling-services/

Virginia Garcia Memorial Health Center — Integrated primary and behavioral health care.

Provider Website: https://virginiagarcia.org

Asian Mental Health Collective — Mental health education and provider directories.

Provider Website: https://asianmhc.org

Institute for Muslim Mental Health — Faith-informed mental health resources.

Provider Website: https://www.muslimmentalhealth.com

Latinx Therapy — Therapist directory for Latinx communities.

Provider Website: https://latinxtherapy.com

South Asian Therapists — Counselor directory for South Asian communities.

Provider Website: https://southasiantherapists.org

Inclusive Therapists — Culturally responsive therapist directory.

Provider Website: https://www.inclusivetherapists.com

InReach — Mental health resources for LGBTQ+ immigrants and refugees.

Provider Website: https://www.inreach.org

SAMHSA FindTreatment.gov — National behavioral health and recovery locator.

Provider Website: https://findtreatment.samhsa.gov

Coping Tools, Mindfulness & Self-Help

USAHello — Plain-language mental health education for immigrants and refugees.

Provider Website: https://usahello.org/mental-health

International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies — War & Disaster Resources.

Provider Website: https://istss.org/public-resources/war-and-disaster-resources/

SAMHSA How to Cope Guides — Disaster-related stress and trauma coping tools.

Provider Website: https://www.samhsa.gov/find-help/how-to-cope

Refugees, Immigrants & Displaced People

Immigrant and Refugee Community Organization (IRCO) — Culturally specific statewide services.

Provider Website: https://irco.org

Office of Immigrant and Refugee Advancement (OIRA) — State coordination of immigrant and refugee supports.

Provider Website: https://www.oregon.gov/odhs/Pages/refugees.aspx

Oregon for All — Statewide immigrant resource directory.

Provider Website: https://www.doj.state.or.us/oregon-for-all/

Coalition for Immigrant Health — National immigrant mental health directories.

Provider Website: https://www.cihjustice.org

United We Dream — Community care and advocacy resources.

Provider Website: https://unitedwedream.org

USCRI Wellness Helpline — Emotional support for new refugees and immigrants.

Provider Website: https://www.refugees.org/uscri-wellness-helpline/

Children, Teens & Families

The Dougy Center — Grief support for children and families.

Provider Website: https://www.dougy.org

Lutheran Community Services Northwest — Youth and family programs.

Provider Website: https://lcsnw.org

Peer Support Groups & Community Support (Virtual)

Immigrants Rising — Peer-led wellness support groups.

Provider Website: https://immigrantsrising.org/mental-health/

United We Dream — Community Care Circles.

Provider Website: https://unitedwedream.org/resources/

NAMI — Connection Support Groups.

Provider Website: https://www.nami.org/Support-Education/Support-Groups

DBSA — Online peer support groups.

Provider Website: https://www.dbsalliance.org/support/chapters-and-support-groups/online-support-groups/

Team Red White & Blue — Veteran peer connection.

Provider Website: https://www.teamrwb.org

7 Cups — 24/7 anonymous peer chat.

Provider Website: https://www.7cups.com

Supportiv — Moderated drop-in peer chats.

Provider Website: https://www.supportiv.com

NAMI Online Communities — Asynchronous peer support.

Provider Website: https://www.nami.org/Your-Journey/Individuals-with-Mental-Illness/Find-Support

Inspire — Online trauma and mental health communities.

Provider Website: https://www.inspire.com

The Mighty — Peer storytelling and mental health community.

Provider Website: https://themighty.com

Immediate Help — Immigrants of All Status, Refugees & Conflict-Affected Families

988 Suicide & Crisis Lifeline — 24/7 emotional support.

Provider Website: https://988lifeline.org

Disaster Distress Helpline — Crisis support after disaster or displacement.

Provider Website: https://www.samhsa.gov/find-help/disaster-distress-helpline

Oregon 211 — Statewide referrals.

Provider Website: https://www.211info.org

findhello — Local services search.

Provider Website: https://www.findhelp.com

Immediate Help — Veterans & Military-Connected Families

Veterans Crisis Line — 24/7 veteran crisis support.

Provider Website: https://www.veteranscrisisline.net

Military OneSource — Counseling and referrals.

Provider Website: https://www.militaryonesource.mil

Lines for Life — Oregon crisis support.

Provider Website: https://www.linesforlife.org

TRAUMA RESOURCES FOR TIMES OF WAR

“Every child deserves to grow up healthy, safe and loved. Putting babies in the crosshairs of terror and war is never acceptable.” — Matthew Melmed, Executive Director

ZERO TO THREE released a statement in response to the Israel-Hamas conflict that reflects our concern about the violence and trauma that babies, toddlers and families are experiencing. You can read the full statement here.

Our hearts are with the babies, children and families who have been subjected to unthinkable violence in Israel and Gaza. At ZERO TO THREE, we see this as a moment to recommit ourselves to ensuring that every child grows up healthy, safe and loved. The need to protect babies has never been more acute.

During these challenging times, we have free resources for parents and caregivers, and professionals who support them, that offer guidance on helping young children grieve and process traumatic experiences, enabling them to provide the best care for babies and themselves in times of war and turmoil, including:

A Big Impact on Little Kids: Understanding How Traumatic Experiences Affect Very Young Children

How to Talk to Young Children About War (available in Arabic and Hebrew)

Little Listeners in an Uncertain World

Helping Toddlers Cope with Grief and Death

Mindfulness and Self Care: Building a Resilient Community and Culture of Caring

Children’s Book: Once I Was Very Very Scared by Chandra Gosh Ippen. Available in the following languages:

American Sign Language

Arabic

German

Norwegian

Spanish

Swedish

Turkish

Vietnamese

We are working to translate these resources listed into additional languages and will make them available on zerotothree.org.

Supporting Youth Affected by the Violence in Israel and Gaza: Tips for Families and Educators

International conflict has the potential to be upsetting and to cause concern for safety. Many people feel affected by the attack on Israel, the subsequent military response, and related loss of innocent lives. Some people may worry about family and friends in the Middle East or the possibility of Americans being at risk. News coverage may be triggering to individuals who have experienced violence here at home or war in other parts of the world. Still other marginalized groups may feel like the news coverage and narrative minimizes experiences of violence elsewhere that has not captured this level of world attention.

Caregivers and educators can help children and youth feel safe by helping them understand what is going on factually, how events do or do not affect their lives, and how to manage their emotional reactions.

Keep Explanations Developmentally Appropriate

Elementary

• Let children’s questions tell you what information they need. Don’t assume they are concerned about the same things you are.
• Avoid offering unnecessary frightening details.
• Provide brief, simple information with reassurance. One way to do this is with the use of a broadening technique for responding to questions (e.g., “It sounds like you have some concerns about what’s next. Let’s talk about how our school/community/country is striving to keep us safe.”).
• Clarify misconceptions or misinformation.

Upper Elementary and Early Middle School

• Answer questions and assist in separating reality from fantasy.
• Specify the protective actions of adults.

Upper Middle and High School

• Emphasize youth’s role in safety at home and at school and how to access support.
• Validate feelings and thoughts, and provide the facts needed to appraise the degree of personal threat. The NASP document “Responding to Civil Unrest in Schools” may be a helpful reference resource.
• Should youth request it, allow for conversations about political dimensions of the conflict.

Important Risk Factors to Consider

The degree to which individuals are affected will vary. Children and youth (and potentially their families) at greater risk may include those who have connections to Israel and Palestine, have loved ones significantly affected by the conflict, have personally experienced or are refugees from violent conflict or war, or who suffer from posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, or other mental illness. During conflicts like these, it is important to protect children and youth from bullying and harassment caused by misdirected anger. Promoting and modeling compassion and acceptance can help prevent a tragic situation from becoming worse.

Possible Emotional Responses

Emotional responses to unsettling circumstances vary in nature and severity from individual to individual. Nonetheless, there are some common reactions that individuals feel when their lives are affected by violence related to international conflict:

• Fear: Fear may be the predominant reaction. This can include fear for the safety for themselves, their families, friends, and the population at large.
• Loss of control: The current world events are something over which people have little control. Lack of control can be overwhelming and confusing. Youth may grasp at any control that they have, including refusing to cooperate, go to school, part with favorite toys, or leave their caregivers.
• Anger: Anger is a common reaction. Unfortunately, anger is often expressed at those to whom youth are closest. Youth may direct anger toward classmates, caregivers, and neighbors. Anger often masks other emotions so adults can help youth identify and manage their underlying feelings.
• Loss of stability: Youth can feel insecure when their usual schedules and activities are disrupted, increasing their level of stress and need for reassurance.
• Isolation: Youth may feel isolated, or as if they’re the only one having the feelings they do.
• Confusion: Youth may feel confused about the current conflict, what further dangers might arise, and when the violence will stop. Youth may have trouble understanding the difference between violence as entertainment or in video games and the real events taking place on the news. Some of the modern media violence is unnervingly real. Youth may have difficulty separating reality from fantasy, cartoon heroes and villains from the government soldiers. Separating the realities from media fantasy may require adult help.
• Hypervigilance: Some youth and families may feel desperate to get information about the status of family and other connections. This may cause preoccupation in thoughts, worry, and a desire to constantly scan news sources for any information about the events in the region. This may result in difficulties focusing, sleeping, and being emotionally available for school.

While this conflict may be geographically distant, it has relevance here at home, is ongoing, and is occurring in the context of other stressors. This can contribute to more serious chronic stress and potential associated health problems. Adults should attend to the layers of challenge experienced by youth in this situation. It is critical that schools provide services and supports to help youth establish positive social connections and resilience.

How Caregivers and Educators Can Help

Reaffirm Safety

• Point out reassuring safety features of your school. Highlight how schools can often be some of the safest places we can be. Identify specific individuals or groups responsible for school safety
• Share information about the international unified efforts under way to resolve the conflict.
• Closely monitor youth who may feel isolated (including those with family members or other loved ones in the military or those with connections to the conflict). As necessary, assist students to identify trust adults at school and in their community. Also, check on students who have experienced other, unrelated, acts of violence in their lives as they may more vulnerable when acts of world violence occur.
• Prevent stereotyping of cultures and countries. Children and youth can easily generalize negative statements being made by the media and echoed by caregiving adults. It is critical to prevent harassment of others and teach respect and empathy of those with no control over their government’s actions.

Make Time to Talk

• Provide opportunity for youth to discuss concerns and to help separate real from imagined fears.
• Be patient and look for clues that a child wants to talk, but never force conversation.
• Let the youth’s questions guide the conversation and information provided.
• Encourage social connectedness and a sense of belonging with supportive others. All families bring unique skills, strengths, and knowledge to our society. Adults should model building and emphasizing those strengths.
• Allow opportunities for youth to share their knowledge about their origins, customs, and culture.

Acknowledge and Normalize Feelings

• Never force but always allow youth to speak about feelings, and validate their reactions.
• Listen, empathize, and affirm that most initial reactions are common and expected (e.g., sadness, changes in concentration, distractibility, changes in sleep or appetite).
• Support and model the appropriate expression of feelings (e.g., naming feelings in self and others; listening to how others are feeling without judgment; sharing feelings using “I” messages when talking and journaling; being available and present).
• Understand that knowing what to say is often difficult. It is okay to simply acknowledge “This is really hard for you/us” or that you find it challenging, too. Try to recognize the feelings underlying youth’s actions and put them into words. Saying something like, “I can see you are feeling really scared about this,” or “It is hard to think that your [mom, dad, other loved one] had to go so far away to help.”
• Remember that it’s okay to say “I don’t know” when youth ask questions like “When will the conflict end?” Acknowledge how frustrating the uncertainty is by saying “It’s hard not to have all the answers.” Provide some reassurance by discussing actions taken by others to address safety.

Maintain a Normal Routine

• Encourage schoolwork and extracurricular activities, but do not push youth who seem overwhelmed.
• Encourage and find ways to support students in keeping a regular schedule, and foster healthy nutrition, sleep, and exercise to promote physical and mental health and well-being.

Limit Exposure to Media and Social Media

• Limit exposure to images or graphic reference to violence (e.g., on TV and social media).
• For youth who are concerned for family and loved ones in the middle of the conflict, manage and structure the amount of time they search for information.
• Consider watching the news with affected youth so you can discuss the situation factually, provide reassurance, and monitor their reactions.
• Find activities that can replace the time spent watching news or using social media (e.g., going for a walk, exercising, reading a book, talking to someone, coloring, studying, playing or listening to music).
• Take time to discuss healthy social media habits and how to know what information is accurate.

Monitor Emotional States

• Some youth will not express themselves verbally, but changes in their behavior, appetite, or sleep patterns may indicate anxiety or stress.
  • Some immature, inattentive, aggressive, or oppositional behaviors are normal reactions to the uncertainty of this situation.
  • Some youth may have difficulty at bedtime. Maintain a regular bedtime routine, but be flexible about nightlights, siblings sharing a room, sleeping with special toys, and sitting with the child as they fall asleep. Doing so typically does not cause lifelong habits.
• Children may play war, pretend to blow things up, or include images of violence in artwork and writing. This may be upsetting to adults under current circumstances. In some cases, this may be a way for youth to express their awareness of events around them. Talk with youth about their art or written images and how they feel. For those who seek pretend play as an outlet, encourage role-playing of the doctors, firemen, policemen, and others who have helped to save lives. In other cases, students may be on a pathway to acting out violently themselves. Decisions related to concerns raised through play or artwork are context dependent, and educators should follow guidance related to behavior threat assessment and management.
• When in doubt about a youth’s ability to cope, seek support from a community mental health or school-employed mental health professional.

Know the Signs of More Serious Trauma Reactions

Most youth will be able to cope with their concerns with the help of caring adults. However, some may be at risk of more extreme reactions because of personal circumstances. Adults should seek professional help if children exhibit significant changes in behavior or any of the following symptoms for more than 2 weeks.

• Preschoolers: thumb sucking, bedwetting, clinging to parents, sleep disturbances, loss of appetite, fear of the dark, regression in behavior, withdrawal from friends and routines.
• Elementary school children: irritability, aggressiveness, clinginess, nightmares, school avoidance, poor concentration, withdrawal from activities and friends.
• Adolescents: sleeping and eating disturbances, agitation, increase in conflicts, physical complaints, delinquent behavior, and poor concentration.

Some youth may be at increased risk of suicide because of their emotional reaction to increased stress and any preexisting mental health problems. Consult a mental health professional immediately if the youth talks about suicide or shows signs of suicidal thinking or other self-destructive behaviors. (See NASP resources for information about prevention of youth suicide.)

Teach Adaptive Coping Strategies

Teach and model strategies to help individuals calm themselves in times of stress. Some strategies for coping include the following:

• Mindfulness, deep breathing, and guided relaxation and meditation
• Journaling, coloring, and puzzles
• Listening to calming sounds and music
• Movement (e.g., walking, yoga, exercise routines)
• Spending time with others, talking to a friend or adult about what is happening or how they are feeling
• Helping students to identify who their trusted adults are in school and outside of school

Facilitate Youth Advocacy

Work alongside students to take actionable steps for social justice issues as appropriate to age and contexts.

• Youth level: Provide specific recommendations for individual students to take action.

• • Helping students be allies for peers who may be struggling, or working alongside a family affected by the conflict.
  • Assisting them to seek support or participating in programs or organizations that can help with immediate or longer-term needs.
• School/community level: This may include providing tools to the school as a whole to better support the student body and facilitating relationships between school and community.
  • Providing consultation to staff regarding how students may be affected and best practices.
  • Seeking out cultural partners within the community may be helpful for individual family referrals, but also partnering for events such as potential fundraisers, food or materials collection drives, and more.
  • Opportunities for fundraising for those affected by the conflict.
• Public Arena:
  • Following current events and assisting youth in ongoing initiatives (appropriate social media).
  • Engaging with local, state, or federal policy makers in town hall sessions for related topics (i.e., such as support for refugees).

Coordinate Between School and Home

• Educators should make sure to use communication strategies (such as newsletters, phone calls, website, social media, apps) that are already in place to share critical and helpful information with families.
• Caregivers can let school personnel know if a family member is affected by the conflict being called to active duty or sent overseas. Inform teachers if your child is having difficulties and what strategies make them feel better. If necessary, seek the help of your school psychologist, counselor, or social worker.
• Educators are encouraged to let caregivers know if their youth is exhibiting stress in school. Educators can provide caregivers with helpful suggestions and information related to community resources.
• Caregivers and educators are encouraged to maintain general academic and behavioral expectations but also be realistic about an individual child’s coping skills.
• Schools are encouraged to create a sense of collective security between home and school (e.g., concretely pointing out the adults in place that are helping keep us safe, identifying what strategies are in place to keep students safe, sharing resources and strategies for coping, modeling respect for one another, offering opportunities for students to share their thoughts and reactions with one another, providing support for families).

How Adults Can Address Their Own Needs

• Adults will be better able to help youth if they are coping well and taking time to address their own reactions. NASP has documents that address “Educator Exhaustion and Burnout” and “Supporting Mental Wellness.” In addition, the previously mentioned strategies for adaptive coping can also be used.
• Adults should attend to the facts about developments in the conflict so as to be prepared to answer youth’s questions. However, it is ok to say, “I do not know.”
• Adults should seek peer support, take care of their own physical and mental health, and avoid using drugs or alcohol to feel better. The NASP document “Care for the Caregivers: Tips for Families and Educators” is a useful resource.

NASP Resources

• Anxiety: Helping Handout for School and Home
• Addressing Grief: Tips for Caregivers and Educators
• BTAM Best Practice Considerations for K-12 Schools
• Care for the Caregivers: Tips for Families and Educators
• Educator Exhaustion and Burnout
• Prevention of Youth Suicide Resources
•  Promoting Compassion and Acceptance in Crisis
• Responding to Civil Unrest
• Social Media and School Crisis
• Supporting Mental Wellness: Tips for Caregivers
• Supporting Mental Wellness: Tips for Educators
• Supporting Vulnerable Students in Stressful Times: Tips for Parents
• Lesson Plan, Student Psychoeducational Groups in School Crisis Intervention: The PREPaRE Model

Resources for Supporting Children and Families Affected By War and Violence

Resources for War and Conflict Affected, Refugees, Immigrants, Veterans, Military Families

Mental Health, Trauma & Emotional Well-Being

Lutheran Community Services Northwest — Trauma-informed counseling for immigrants, refugees, and asylum seekers.

Provider Website: https://lcsnw.org/program/multicultural-counseling-services/

Virginia Garcia Memorial Health Center — Integrated primary and behavioral health care.

Provider Website: https://virginiagarcia.org

Asian Mental Health Collective — Mental health education and provider directories.

Provider Website: https://asianmhc.org

Institute for Muslim Mental Health — Faith-informed mental health resources.

Provider Website: https://www.muslimmentalhealth.com

Latinx Therapy — Therapist directory for Latinx communities.

Provider Website: https://latinxtherapy.com

South Asian Therapists — Counselor directory for South Asian communities.

Provider Website: https://southasiantherapists.org

Inclusive Therapists — Culturally responsive therapist directory.

Provider Website: https://www.inclusivetherapists.com

InReach — Mental health resources for LGBTQ+ immigrants and refugees.

Provider Website: https://www.inreach.org

SAMHSA FindTreatment.gov — National behavioral health and recovery locator.

Provider Website: https://findtreatment.samhsa.gov

Coping Tools, Mindfulness & Self-Help

USAHello — Plain-language mental health education for immigrants and refugees.

Provider Website: https://usahello.org/mental-health

International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies — War & Disaster Resources.

Provider Website: https://istss.org/public-resources/war-and-disaster-resources/

SAMHSA How to Cope Guides — Disaster-related stress and trauma coping tools.

Provider Website: https://www.samhsa.gov/find-help/how-to-cope

Refugees, Immigrants & Displaced People

Immigrant and Refugee Community Organization (IRCO) — Culturally specific statewide services.

Provider Website: https://irco.org

Office of Immigrant and Refugee Advancement (OIRA) — State coordination of immigrant and refugee supports.

Provider Website: https://www.oregon.gov/odhs/Pages/refugees.aspx

Oregon for All — Statewide immigrant resource directory.

Provider Website: https://www.doj.state.or.us/oregon-for-all/

Coalition for Immigrant Health — National immigrant mental health directories.

Provider Website: https://www.cihjustice.org

United We Dream — Community care and advocacy resources.

Provider Website: https://unitedwedream.org

USCRI Wellness Helpline — Emotional support for new refugees and immigrants.

Provider Website: https://www.refugees.org/uscri-wellness-helpline/

Children, Teens & Families

The Dougy Center — Grief support for children and families.

Provider Website: https://www.dougy.org

Lutheran Community Services Northwest — Youth and family programs.

Provider Website: https://lcsnw.org

Peer Support Groups & Community Support (Virtual)

Immigrants Rising — Peer-led wellness support groups.

Provider Website: https://immigrantsrising.org/mental-health/

United We Dream — Community Care Circles.

Provider Website: https://unitedwedream.org/resources/

NAMI — Connection Support Groups.

Provider Website: https://www.nami.org/Support-Education/Support-Groups

DBSA — Online peer support groups.

Provider Website: https://www.dbsalliance.org/support/chapters-and-support-groups/online-support-groups/

Team Red White & Blue — Veteran peer connection.

Provider Website: https://www.teamrwb.org

7 Cups — 24/7 anonymous peer chat.

Provider Website: https://www.7cups.com